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2024/11/22(Fri)19:44:26
まず、マルクスのテキストから見ていこう。『ルイ・ボナパルトのブリュメール18日』の冒頭で、マルクスはのように書き出している。

 
ヘーゲルはどこかで、すべての世界史上の大事件と大人物はいわば2度現れる、と言っている。ただ彼は、一度は悲劇として、二度目は茶番として、とつけくわえるのを忘れた。ダントンのかわりにコシディエール、ロベスピエールのかわりにルイ・ブラン、1793-1795年の山岳党のかわりに1848-1851年の山岳党、伯父のかわりに甥。そして、ブリュメール18日の再販が演じられた事情も、これと同じ戯画である!
 人間は、自分で自分の歴史をつくる。しかし、自由自在に、自分で勝手に選んだ状況のもとで歴史をつくるのではなくて、直接にありあわせる、あたえられた、過去からうけついだ状況のもとでつくるのである。あらゆる死んだ世代の伝統が、生きている人間の頭のうえに、悪魔のようにのしかかっている。そこで、人間は、自分自身と物事とを変革する仕事、これまでになかったものをつくりだす仕事にたずさわっているように見えるちょうどそのときに、まさにそういう革命的危機の時期に、気づかわしげに過去の幽霊を呼びだして自分の用事をさせ、その名まえや、戦いの合言葉や、衣装を借りうけて、そういう由緒ある衣装をつけ、そういう借り物のせりふをつかって、世界史の新しい場面を演じるのである。」
(カール・マルクス、『ルイ・ボナパルトのブリュメール18日』 国民文庫版、p.17-18)


ここでは、「伯父のかわりに甥」とか「生きている人間の頭の上に悪魔のように」とか、「過去の幽霊を呼び出して」とか言う表現を用いている事に注意しよう。その上で、


「ヘーゲルはどこかで、すべての世界史上の大事件と大人物はいわば2度現れる、と言っている。ただ彼は、一度は悲劇として、二度目は茶番として、とつけくわえるのを忘れた。」


というわけだが、

さて、ここで、なにげにシェイクスピアの『ハムレット』第一幕第五場を見てみよう。

なななんと!

ハムレットでは「亡霊」が、主人公ハムレットの前に、「2度現れ」るのである!

一回目は、悲劇として。
二回目は、茶番として。

これは本当の話である。

そして、一度目の、本筋の「悲劇」のシーンで、父親の「亡霊」と出会ったハムレットは、2度目の「茶番」で登場した「亡霊」と、次のようなやりとりをする。

ハムレット いや、誓ってもらいたいのだ。
ホレイショー 誓って、他言はいたしませぬ。
マーセラス 私も、誓って。
ハムレット 〔剣を抜く〕この剣にかけて。
マーセラス 殿下、われわれはすでに誓いを済ませております。
ハムレット いや、頼む、この剣にかけてだ、頼む。
亡霊   〔舞台下から〕誓え。
ハムレット あっはあ。おまえさんもそう言うのか?そんなところにいたのか、鼠小僧?
       さあさあ、君たちも聞いただろう、奈落でも催促だ。
       さっさと誓ってくれ!
亡霊   誓え。
ハムレット コチラト思モエバマタアチラカ(Hic et ubique)?では、場所を変えてみるか。
       諸君、こっちに来たまえ。
       そしてもう一度、この剣に手をおいて、
       誓って欲しい、
       耳にしたことは断じて人に洩らさぬと。
亡霊   その剣にかけて誓え。〔二人、沈黙したまま誓う〕
ハムレット よく言った、もぐらもち!
       よくもまあ、地面の下をそんなに早く掘ってゆけるな、
       あっぱれ見事な抗夫ぶりだ!
       (以下略)

『ハムレット』岩波文庫 野島秀勝訳 pp.75-77。

この本の解説によると、「悲劇の中のバーレスク(茶番)、シェイクスピア得意の手法である」とある。

ちなみに、この「亡霊」、夜になると現世をさまよい歩いているが、昼は煉獄の炎に身を焼かれている。

さて、これを念頭に、例のマルクスの文章を読んでみよう!
PR

2006/07/24(Mon)01:09:23
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